How CBD Can Impact Your Dental Health?
Content
- CBD Safety – An Interview With The CBDfx Team
- CBD: What In It For Men?
- The Top 5 Reasons You Should Use CBD For Your Pets
- CBD Oil Vs CBD Gummies: Which Should You Choose?
- What Are CBD Receptors? How Cannabinoid Receptors Work With The Endocannabinoid System
- Does CBD Help Jet Lag? Travel In Comfort With CBD
- Kratom Vs Cbd: A Complete Comparison
Evidence from clinical studies supports CBD’s efficacy in treating certain neurological disorders (i.e., anxiety, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and schizophrenia). There is a lot of evidence from the real world that is not scientifically proven in which CBD oil and other CBD merchandise claim to aid individuals suffering from various ailments. Check out reputed brands like Pure CBD Vapors to purchase CBD vape oils. Nowadays, it’s so easy for you to include CBD as a major part of your daily routine.
- According to Frontiers in Neuroscience, PTSD is a long-lasting mental health condition that people may develop after experiencing a traumatic event.
- Ideally, it’s always best to consult a medical professional before taking CBD, especially if you are already suffering from a form of heart disease and you are taking medication.
- Studies of short-term CBD use show that patients do not experience withdrawal.
- Research is ongoing for CBD formulate to treat other conditions.
- High blood pressure is linked to higher risks of a number of health conditions, including stroke, heart attack, and metabolic syndrome .
- They have the processes and practices in place to build documented plans that are defined, detailed, and shareable.
As noted above, taking CBD oil won’t make you tired during the day. The body’s overall response to CBD oil will depend mainly on certain aspects, including body type, weight, gender, and metabolism. Additionally, the effects of CBD can be influenced by other impulses, including the way you consume CBD , as well as existing medications or supplements you may be taking. This article will cover the different mechanisms through which CBD oil interacts with the body to produce its effects, why CBD may make you drowsy or sleepy, and how to use it for better sleep. In short, this blog post brings everything you need to know about CBD oil and the feeling of sleepiness and drowsiness. This kind of fear can be conquered by taking CBD Gummies which reduces the users’ nerves while calming them down.
CBD Safety – An Interview With The CBDfx Team
As of September 2019, 1,085 people contacted US poison control centers about CBD-induced illnesses, doubling the number of cases over the 2018 rate and increasing by 9 times the case numbers of 2017. Of cases reported in 2019, more than 33% received medical attention and 46 people were admitted to a hospital intensive care unit, possibly due to exposure to other products, or drug interactions with CBD. New products containing CBD after this deadline will require a fully approved application.
May 13, 2022Human facial expression recognition is important in a variety of human-related systems, including health care and medicine. CBD research into the effects on specific conditions is ongoing, and there is still much to learn about the potential uses of CBD. Before using a CBD product, consult with a healthcare professional about appropriate dosing and any other concerns you may have. Furthermore, many products contain a combination of ingredients, not just CBD. Dietary supplements containing CBD and a blend of herbal ingredients, for example, may not be suitable for everyone, as many herbs have the potential to interact with commonly prescribed medications.
- CBD appears to be beneficial for people with high blood pressure, according to research.
- Reduced stress, improved sleep, and other factors can contribute to a reduction in acne and CBD oil for acne may be able to help those as well.
- Since a known side effect of marijuana and THC is fatigue, it is erroneously thought that CBD will do the same.
- Another 2020 study was also promising, with results demonstrating that CBD could reduce blood pressure in patients who were stressed.
This product is inhaled through the mouth and enters the lungs quickly, so it can be very effective for people who need immediate treatment to ease their discomfort. CBD oil, tinctures, or transdermal patches is an effective way to treat this condition because they can regulate breathing and make attacks easier to deal with. It also works quickly, which makes it easy for people to get fast relief when they are feeling symptoms of an attack.
CBD: What In It For Men?
By now, you’ve probably run into a product containing cannabidiol, also known as CBD. It’s in everything from drinks and pet products to lotions and chewable gummies. Even major drugstore chains have announced they will start carrying CBD products in certain states. Cannabis may improve the flow of thought and creativity, but with it comes the ability to get distracted by tangents of thought. Studies have shown that spatial memory can be dulled by heavy cannabis use, and so can working memory.
Many people commonly use the word “CBD†to describe different CBD extracts. Let’s use overwhelming anxiety as an example of the type of relief you want. For example, if you have muscle aches, joint pains, or other isolated areas that ache, a topical CBD balm is going to be your best bet for real relief. CBD topicals like balms, salves, and lotions have become extremely popular over the last few years. As a neuroprotectant, CBD oil can reverse the neurodegenerative effects of diseases like Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases, which are all most prevalent amongst seniors.
- CBD significantly increased quality-of-life scores among Parkinson’s disease patients.
- The other is tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, which is the substance that that produces the "high" from marijuana.
- Although there are several treatments for PTSD, there is increasing evidence that CBD may help people manage symptoms.
- Important to mention is that most of these studies were done within the context of a different condition like anxiety or epilepsy.
- Cannabis plants and derivatives that contain less than 0.3% THC are classified as “hemp.†As of 2018, hemp is no longer defined as a controlled substance by the U.S. federal government.
Glaucoma is a group of related eye conditions involving damage to the retina and optic nerve that leads to vision loss, typically due to high fluid pressure inside the eyes. Symptoms tend to start slowly until enough of the optic nerve is damaged that the person develops tunnel vision or another form of lost vision. Many CBD brands recommend starting with 10 to 20 milligrams per day. From there, you can gradually increase your dosage until you feel some relief or experience an intolerable side effect. The general rule with CBD is to start with a small amount per day and gradually increase it. This allows you to explore the possible benefits while minimizing the risk of side effects.
Federal illegality has made it difficult historically to conduct research on CBD. Cannabidiol is currently the subject of an FDA investigational new drug evaluation, and is not considered legal as a dietary supplement or food ingredient, as of October 2020. CBD is openly sold in head shops and health food stores in some states where such sales have not been explicitly legalized. While THC remains illegal, cannabidiol is not subject to the Swiss Narcotic Acts because this substance does not produce a comparable psychoactive effect.
The Top 5 Reasons You Should Use CBD For Your Pets
My dog has diabetes and has always had trouble with his glucose number being over 300 on a regular basis and sometimes as high as 600. But since starting the CBD oil it has consistently been under 200. Our dedicated In-House Team is here to maintain the high standards for quality that we have upheld since we started back in 2005. Innovative solutions is what we stand behind, we are fully committed to finding the best and most efficient answers so that you and your furry friend can be happy and healthy. If you are a competitive athlete, then you do not need to worry about the effects of CBD oil on a drug test. It is a harmless compound that can help enhance a person’s health and performance.
- Bearing the aforementioned in mind, we can say that CBD oil works by interacting with receptors in the body’s Endocannabinoid System to help enhance its responses to factors such as stress and anxiety.
- Angela has seven dogs, Odie a 12-year-old mini-schnauzer, Nina an 8-year-old Doberman.
- CBD may also alter the effects of THC by blocking the CB1 receptors in places where THC taps.
- HHC was first synthesized in 1947 by Roger Adams using natural THC found in Cannabis sativa.
When you use a full-spectrum CBD for focus, the terpenes are also introduced into your body, providing synergistic benefits to help you stay on task. This entourage effect is part of what makes our CBD oil products so potent. Cannabidiol, commonly referred to by its abbreviation, CBD, is one of the active compounds found in cannabis plants known as cannabinoids.
If poor sleep is making it hard to focus and maintain energy levels, consider trying Wonderfeel’s Evening CBD to help you wind down and drift off into dreamland more easily. Anxiety disorders might cause you to feel fatigued and have difficulty does cbd help yoou quit weed concentrating. However, there’s promising research that suggests CBD can improve other issues that may affect your energy levels and ability to concentrate. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission.
CBD Oil Vs CBD Gummies: Which Should You Choose?
Speak with a healthcare provider about whether medical cannabis is a good choice for you. Bruce Willis CBD Gummies Redditare quite powerful gummies that improve your health in a short period. You need to take one gummy in a day for one month without missing Helfen CBD Gummibärchen bei Angstzuständen? a single dose and if you take it for more than 2 to 3 months then you will gain more benefits also. This formula is harmful if you consume an excess dose of it and you must check its bottle for knowing more about this formula and you must follow them all.
There are a few studies that suggest CBD could help with weight loss. Some studies suggest that CBD affects weight gain differently based on the dose, and the type of diet the user eats. While this isn’t a well-researched topic, there have been a few studies that looked at the effects of CBD on weight gain.
If they don’t like the taste, you can also apply it to a treat, such as peanut butter. CBD Oil is safe and won’t make your dog “high.†The two main components can cbd oil help with coughing of Cannabis are CBD and THC . Unlike THC, CBD contains no psychoactive properties but retains all the potent compounds responsible for helping your dog’s ECS.
- This gave her the opportunity to spend more time writing articles on all topics related to pregnancy and prenatal care.
- Brown fat cells burn off energy as heat, hence burning calories, helping you lose weight.
- The body’s overall response to CBD oil will depend mainly on certain aspects, including body type, weight, gender, and metabolism.
- In addition, this can lead to an increased production of bacteria, which feeds the acne.
Because CBD can block off the CB1 receptors, it might also reduce the risk of obesity. A review in Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research mentions some past studies involving CBD and metabolic factors, mainly in rodents. An older animal study published in 2012 revealed that CBD administration to rats reduced their appetite. While plenty of anecdotal evidence supports the concept of CBD and appetite suppression, there have been no human trials in this subject yet. CBD is different, it’s non-psychoactive, and has an entirely different set of effects on things like appetite and metabolism — both of which are heavily linked to weight gain and loss. Because CBD is not regulated by the FDA, creators of these supplements often make claims about its effectiveness based on little—or no—evidence.
What Are CBD Receptors? How Cannabinoid Receptors Work With The Endocannabinoid System
Even though they are all effective, they are made of different components. Customers praise its potency by saying it provides fast relief without any side effects, and the best part is you can use this oil in several different ways for a wide range of symptoms. Lazarus Naturals is committed to making sure that its products are both healthy and safe. They avoid using any artificial preservatives, gluten, or animal byproducts in the production process. NuLeaf Naturals is a leader in the CBD industry, and they’re known for their commitment to quality. In addition to the top 10 benefits of CBD oil, there are plenty of other possible wellness advantages that this compound may promote.
Please consult your healthcare professional about potential interactions or other possible complications before using any product. Unfortunately this means that there isn’t a set recommended dosage of CBD for diabetes and you should be wary of companies that try to pin a number on it. It is widely recognized that the best way to take CBD is to start with a low dose and increase it slowly until you feel or see your desired effects. The research also shows great potential in using CBD oil for diabetic nerve pain. CBD is well known to be aneffective anti-inflammatoryand is therefore widely thought to be able to help a myriad of conditions, where inflammation is at the root cause.
Atherosclerosis is a condition that is linked to nutrition and lifestyle and can lead to heart disease or stroke in affluent Western countries. It's a long-term inflammatory condition that causes atherosclerotic plaques to build up over time (immune cells carrying oxidized LDL or low—density lipoproteins). Endocannabinoid signaling appears to play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis, according to an increasing body of research. High blood pressure, pathogenic microorganisms, or an excess of an amino acid called homocysteine have all been linked to damage in the lining of the artery walls.
- Increased risk of lung cancer specifically from smoking or vaping marijuana products.
- While CBD can come from marijuana, it can also be derived from hemp.
- But most CBD products come from hemp, which is legal at the federal level — unlike cannabis.
- Effective alternative to prescription opioid drugs when it comes to treating chronic pain.
- They include diabetes, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, stress, hormone therapy, menopause, pregnancy, contraceptive pills, certain medications, etc.
- If you want to try CBD strains, make sure to stick to any anxiety treatments prescribed by your doctor.
CBD is added to foods, beverages, dietary supplements, and body care products, and these products are frequently marketed as a way to alleviate stress, pain, and sleep problems. After repeated doses, the CBD group had lower blood pressure levels in response to stress than the placebo group. Another study involving 26 healthy men discovered that taking 600 mg of CBD for 7 days resulted in significant reductions in blood pressure in the short term when compared to a placebo group. The men also participated in stress tests, which normally raise blood pressure, in the same study.
However, more proof is required since most research uses animal models. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in appetite control. When CBD interacts with the cannabinoid receptors, it can help to promote healthy bowel movements, trigger weight loss, and aid in the digestion of food. If approved, manufacturers Les personnes âgées et les enfants peuvent-ils manger des oursons CBD ? of CBD products would be required to conduct safety tests and prove safe consumption, indicating that CBD products would not be eligible for legal commerce until at least 2021. In December 2020, the European Commission concluded that CBD should not be considered as drug and can be qualified as food.
Does CBD Help Jet Lag? Travel In Comfort With CBD
Two main natural compounds are extracted from the cannabis plant. There is CBD, also known as cannabinol and THC, also known as tetrahydrocannabinol. When investigating cannabis products, it’s easy to become overwhelmed by all the varieties available. Delta 8 THC is one of the many cannabinoids found in the hemp plant. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and is an incredibly important hormone which, if unbalanced, can negatively impact your health.
Just place your dose under your tongue, swallow it straight, or add it to your favorite office beverage for a pick-me-up that keeps you on point. Increases Alertness Without Jitters – Many times when people need to focus and stay alert, they turn to caffeine. Unfortunately, as caffeine levels rise, so does jitteriness and even tremors.
CBD does this by slowing down T-cell production and suppressing the memory of the immune system lowering the risk of future autoimmune attacks. In addition to decreasing the likelihood of future AI attacks, CBD increases boutiquetoyou.com the expression of genes that handle oxidative stress therefore reducing cell damage. Conventional treatments for autoimmune disease include steroids and other medications which suppress the immune system.
- Anyone investigating the therapeutic potential of CBD has likely encountered more than a few sources claiming CBD products are legal ...
- Thankfully, CBD gets you used to the effects of cannabis to some degree, so starting off with CBD will prepare you to use delta 8 at a later date.
- Certain state regulations are in place, but vary state to state.
- Melatonin is a hormone produced in the pineal gland that signals to the body when it’s time to sleep.
While there haven’t been any human clinical studies on CBD and sleep apnea to date, there has been one on the effects of THC on sleep apnea. It also forms a strong argument for the use of full-spectrum products that contain (federally-legal) trace amounts of THC, over broad-spectrum, can you get high on delta 8 thc THC-free formulas. But let’s not forget thatother cannabinoids, such as CBC and CBG, also display strong analgesic effects. So, if you live in a THC zero-tolerance state and can only legally access broad-spectrum products, they still might be worth a try.
A cerebral, creative buzz could help you brainstorm ideas and get enthusiastic over learning your material. Perhaps with different jurisdictions legalizing cannabis, scientific research on the plant and its constituents will improve. Universities and research institutions could be free to conduct controlled cultivation for scientific purposes. While cannabis is said to improve neural connectivity in the brain, there are also questions over the exact link between cannabis use and rare cases of psychosis.
CBD Oil For Athletes: Four Professional Athletes Using CBD & Why They Use CBD
This is sending homeostasis out of balance; the endocannabinoid system then begins to try to restore balance to the body. CBD is by no means a cure-all for anything, but the research emerging is promising. There does cbd oil help with tinnitus is a lot of evidence and more emerging studies that show CBD can help lower blood pressure and prevent these serious health issues. A study found fewer muscle spasms in those who have multiple sclerosis.
- The American Institute of Stress is a nonprofit corporation that researches and teaches about stress and stress management.
- CBD Oil is safe and won’t make your dog “high.†The two main components of Cannabis are CBD and THC .
- "This is an early study that needs further confirmation but does provide a pathway for new ways to help combat COVID-19," Adalja said.
- CBD oil is a great way to treat asthma without any side effects, which makes it an amazing alternative treatment option for people who don’t want to rely on traditional treatments anymore.
- After taking CBD for 30 days, my personal experience completely agrees with the science.
So depending on one's circumstances and upon consultation with a medical professional, individuals with specific neurodivergent conditions may benefit from a greater ability to study with the use of cannabis. Bruce Willis CBD Gummies Shark Tankare health-enhancing gummies that are suitable for everyone and physical and mental health will get better and improved in a short period. It helps in reducing body pain, depression, anxiety, and other health issues and it makes you fit and healthy from the inside. This formula is the most recommended product and is liked by all the doctors and customers and you must try it.
If there's anything we've learned from the last few years of incredible development, it's that the cannabis plant can take ... CBD oil has many helpful-- not to mention, natural-- benefits physically and mentally. Cannabidiol is one of more than 100 active compounds found in the cannabis plant. Between 2021 and 2027, the weight loss industry will benefit from a compound annual growth rate of 10.6%. A hemp flower is the most basic form of CBD and serves as the foundation for all other CBD products ...
However, researchers note that there’s currently a lack of high quality data. That means there’s not enough evidence available to support the use of CBD in the clinical treatment of Parkinson’s disease . A review of five studies found some evidence that Sativex may help reduce cancer-related pain in some people . An older study looked at the effects of CBD and THC in 177 people with cancer-related does cbd oil help sexually pain who did not experience relief from pain medication. CBD may help reduce some cancer-related symptoms and side effects related to cancer treatment, such as nausea, vomiting, and pain. Mental health disorders are often treated with pharmaceutical drugs, which can cause a number of side effects, including drowsiness, agitation, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and headaches .
- While all other active compounds of the plant interact with two cannabinoid receptors in the nervous system, CB1 and CB2, Cannabidiol has very little effect on both.
- From the results seen in humans with drugs such as Epidiolex and Sativex in scientific studies and reviews, it could be expected that CBD-based products would be helpful to manage seizures in dogs.
- There are a few studies that suggest CBD could help with weight loss.
- CBD works with the endocannabinoid system , but before expanding on how it affects your body, it is important to know that it will not make you high.
Dronabinol affects the part of the brain that controls appetite, nausea, and vomiting, so the drugs have several therapeutic uses. These uses include the treatment of nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients and treatment of weight loss in patients with HIV. One increasingly popular strategy for sleeping better is taking cannabidiol , a derivative of cannabis. However, the regulation of CBD in the United States is limited, and much more research must be done to determine the exact effects CBD has on sleep and other physical and mental health concerns. Scientists have some biological explanations for how CBD may affect both sleep and anxiety. Recent studies have shown that cannabis compounds interact with receptors throughout the body—the so-called endocannabinoid system—including in the brain.
The non-intoxicating marijuana extract is being credited with helping treat a host of medical problems -- everything from epileptic seizures to anxiety to inflammation to sleeplessness. Cannabidiol may be the natural alternative treatment you are looking for to reduce symptoms of anxiety. If you’re finding it difficult to manage anxiety, it could help to make an appointment with a therapist. This is one great first step toward getting relief from symptoms. You can ask your doctor to recommend a therapist, or find a local treatment provider using our tool. It’s advisable to talk with a doctor any time you’re thinking of using a new health product, and CBD is no exception.
This bundle includes samples of our best-selling CBD and CBN Gummies, Fire & Ice Relief CBD Balm, CBD Oil Softgels, and another sample CBD tincture of your choice. BATCH products use sustainable packaging options and every does cbd oil help with hot flashes purchase plants one tree. According to the Work and Well-Being in Science survey, 75% of respondents see beauty in the phenomena they investigate, and for 62%, this has pushed them to continue a scientific career.
A study out this month, for example, suggests CBD might help people with short-term sleep problems. About 10 percent of people taking CBD in studies had increases in liver enzymes, which would indicate possible liver damage, Welty said. Because of the legally murky nature of marijuana, the FDA has not stepped in to regulate products like CBD oil, Bonn-Miller said.
- However, studies investigating the efficacy of CBD for acne have applied CBD directly on the skin, where sebum is produced.
- Taking Omega-3 and drinking green tea have been part of health routines for a long time, and this could be another reason they work.
- If CBD is your preference, products containing pure hemp should be used alongside.
- Before taking CBD, the patients experienced disorder symptoms 2–7 times per week.
- Numerous studies have found that CBD can help in improving blood flow through the arteries and lower blood pressure.
- In 2013, a CNN program that featured Charlotte's Web cannabis brought increased attention to the use of CBD in the treatment of seizure disorders.
Several studies show that CBD provides relief for chronic pain stemming from arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions. The body’s endocannabinoid system is involved in regulating your emotions, motor control, immune system, and pain response. When the body ingests CBD, it affects the way your body perceives and responds to pain. CBD might reduce the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder , according to a small 2019 study.
With very few side effects and a range of additional benefits, CBD is definitely worth trying out for acne how to use cbd coconut oil sufferers in search of a natural treatment option. will cbd oil help constipation Acne is one of the most common skin conditions that most people deal with at some point in their lives. Some people have to deal with it regularly while others, occasionally.
- Endocannabinoid deficiencies and abnormal inflammatory responses, both of which CBD may treat.
- As marijuana has become more popular and many states have legalized both medical and recreational uses for this drug, CBD oil is being promoted for a range of uses, including as a glaucoma treatment.
- If a CBD manufacturer, especially those without brick-and-mortar stores, has been authorized to sell CBD products.
- High blood pressure, pathogenic microorganisms, or an excess of an amino acid called homocysteine have all been linked to damage in the lining of the artery walls.
- Maybe you’ve already heard about pet owners giving CBD to their dogs, either from a pet specialist, a vet or a friend of yours who has a particularly nervous canine.
- In this blog post, we will go over some amazing benefits of CBD for asthma.
Sadly, many of these CBD oils tend to over promise and leave its consumers discontented when they underdeliver. However, many states and countries around the world have legalized CBD oil for recreational and medical use. If you smoke medical or recreational marijuana, it will get you “high†and you will be mentally impaired for a while. As such, there is leeway for members of the CBD oil bodybuilding community to come to their own conclusions and preferred doses. Controlling oil production – There is no better solution than CBD oil when it comes to helping the sebaceous glands to regulate the production of oil and sebum. Whether applied to the skin or ingested, CBD oil works well to overcome pore clogging.
As CBD has exploded onto the market, consumers are turning to the cannabinoid to treat many ailments, including insomnia. The insurgence of CBD has also prompted a sizable uptick in the number of preclinical and clinical studies looking at CBD’s value in treating a whole host of disorders. Another consideration is mistaking feelings of calm and relaxation for tiredness. Since a known side effect of marijuana and THC is fatigue, it is erroneously thought that CBD will do the same.
The production of new neurons decreases dramatically as the brain aged. New cells must be formed on a regular basis in order to keep the brain healthy and avoid degenerative disorders. Low dosages of CBD and THC-like cannabinoids, even in aging brains, were shown in a 2008 study to induce the formation of new nerve cells in animal models. Other nerve-related disorders, such as neuropathy and Alzheimer's disease, can also be prevented by CBD.
CBD may be beneficial in treating anxiety and depression in people who are addicted to drugs such as heroin . While more human research is needed, CBD may benefit heart health in a variety of ways, including lowering blood pressure and improving artery function. However, the FDA has approved one CBD product for the treatment of several seizure disorders. A review of five studies found some evidence that Sativex may help some people with cancer-related pain . An older study examined the effects of CBD and THC in 177 people suffering from cancer-related pain who had not found relief from pain medication.
- CBD reduces intestinal inflammation, cbd gummies how much should i take a day which inturn mitigates intestinal damage.
- Further, CBD can negatively interact with other medications because of how it works in the liver.
- However, some participants in both studies experienced adverse reactions to CBD treatment, such as convulsions, fever, and fatigue.
- Basically, they're saying the anti-anxiety effect of CBD following stress was from neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
- When you use a CBD topical, little to no CBD will actually absorb into your bloodstream, which means that it’s not a suitable method for an internal issue like anxiety.
- How to use oral CBD products also depends on what exactly you are looking to get, as far as relief is concerned.
So, the balance of activity between the two sets of neurons determines whether or not you will feel like eating. In a similar study, very high CBD doses had a sedative effect, but in subjects with insomnia, much lower doses of 160 mg reduced sleep disruption and increased total sleep duration. I tried full spectrum gummies a couple times which has like 3 percent THC, it didn’t seem to help. One AM the THC made me feel weird do paid back in bed.Im not sllowed to take NSAIDS any more like Advil of Celebrex.
Long story short, no, weight gain shouldn’t be your concern when taking CBD oil as long as it doesn’t contain more than trace amounts of THC. But even in marijuana-derived CBD oils, the ratios of THC to CBD make it unlikely that you’ll have munchies afterward. The role of the endocannabinoid system is to maintain the balance in all of the above functions.